Learning notes, reading summaries, and quick references
Serial communication suits microcontrollers due to fewer pins. Asynchronous UART uses baud rate and start/stop bits, while synchronous I2C and SPI rely on a clock line. Distinction: UART uses baud rate, I2C address, SPI slave select.
Interrupts trigger ISRs when IF, IE, and GIE bits are set. Timers count internal clock ticks; counters count external events. A 4-digit display uses rapid multiplexing to create persistence of vision.
Embedded systems are dedicated, resource-limited devices. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory, and I/O on one chip, offering low cost, small size, and easy updates—ideal for most embedded applications.
A symbol table stores identifier information in a compiler, supporting declaration tracking, type checking, scope management, and efficient lookup for code generation.
Explains how to construct LR(0) Action and Goto tables using items, closures, augmented grammar, and state transitions for parsing.
LR(0) parsing uses a state stack and action/goto tables to shift input symbols or reduce handles, determining whether to accept or report syntax errors.
Bottom-up parsing constructs a syntax tree from input tokens by repeatedly reducing right-hand sides of grammar rules to their left-hand sides using a parse stack.
FIRST sets identify possible starting terminals of derivations, while FOLLOW sets determine terminals that may appear immediately after a non-terminal in parsing.
Syntactic analysis transforms token sequences into parse trees using grammar rules, employing top-down or bottom-up strategies evaluated on power, backtracking, lookahead, efficiency, and size.
Lexical analysis converts source code into tokens by removing whitespace and comments, using finite-state machines for efficient recognition and classification.
